Declaration on the proceedings of a Conference at Westminster, March 1559 (SP12/3/52, f.163r-164v) These are extracts from a report on the conference on religion, held during the Easter recess of Queen Elizabeth's first Parliament. [119], Supreme Governor of the Church of England, The First Blast of the Trumpet Against the Monstruous Regiment of Women, History of the Puritans under Queen Elizabeth I, A View of Popish Abuses yet remaining in the English Church, "Music and Reform in France, England, and Scotland", Elizabethan Religious Settlement - World History Encyclopedia, Documents Illustrative of English Church History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Elizabethan_Religious_Settlement&oldid=1137970785, This page was last edited on 7 February 2023, at 09:43. Thomas Sampson, a Marian exile, believed that "All scripture seems to assign the title of head of the Church to Christ alone". Identify your study strength and weaknesses. Instead, she approached religion with a more pragmatic air. Search here. [23][21] It was not popular with the clergy, and the Convocation of Canterbury reacted by affirming papal supremacy, transubstantiation and the Mass as a sacrificial offering. Act of Supremacy (1559): This Act established Elizabeth I as Supreme Governor of the Church of England. The Elizabethan Religious Settlement is the name given to the religious and political arrangements made for England during the reign of Elizabeth I (15581603). Elizabeth's bishops protested both moves as revivals of idolatry, arguing that all images were forbidden by the Second Commandment. [86] In general, the bishops considered clerical dress adiaphora and tried to find compromise, but the Queen believed that the churchand herself as Supreme Governorhad authority to determine rites and ceremonies. His lineage was unstable, and his production of a male heir was necessary. Elizabeth's coronation gives a clue to her middle-of-the-road position when, in Westminster Abbey, the mass was permitted but the newly crowned queen left before the elevation of the host (when the communion bread, now transformed into the body of Jesus Christ, is held up by the priest). Others refused to conform. 5 Etching of Elizabeth I in Parliament. While many people were either pro-Catholic or pro-Protestant, it is likely that many more were attracted to elements from both sides such as, for example, admiring the beautiful ornamentation of a gold crucifix yet favouring the use of English in services. The priests wear the hood and surplice. P-The Religious settlement was successful because there was much about it that was acceptable to most Catholics. Bibliography [67] Over time, however, this "survivalist Catholicism" was undermined by pressures to conform, giving way to an underground Catholicism completely separate from the Church of England. Somerset was a Calvinist, and the young king grew up with a host of Protestant tutors. Create beautiful notes faster than ever before. The visitation was conducted according to injunctions based on the Royal Injunctions of 1547. This group was led by Richard Neile of Durham and became known as the Durham House group. The queen had compromised a little on the wording of the Supremacy Act, calling herself the 'Supreme Governor' of the Church instead of the 'Supreme Head', thus making her more acceptable to Protestants who disliked the idea of a woman in that position. The Act of Uniformity of 1559 set out the groundwork for the Elizabethan church. Parker was a prominent scholar and had served as chaplain to Elizabeth's mother, Anne Boleyn. [16] The Queen's principal secretary was Sir William Cecil, a moderate Protestant. [60], Devotional singing at home was shared between family and friends. Other Catholic traditions which were maintained included making the sign of the cross during a baptism and priests wearing traditional vestments. The reforms included allowing clerics to marry and denying transubstantiation. A revised supremacy bill had passed the House of Commons before the recess but had been . The latter problem was addressed by establishing seminaries to train and ordain English priests. [28], The bill included permission to receive communion in two kinds. Seven bishops, including Cardinal Pole, Mary's Archbishop of Canterbury, died in 1558 and needed to be replaced. Now outside the established church, the different strands of the Puritan movement evolved into separate denominations: Congregationalists, Presbyterians, and Baptists. [73] They also acted as a "Church government in exile", providing Catholics in England with advice and instructions. [50] A year later, the Queen herself ordered the demolition of all lofts, but the rood beams were to remain on which the royal arms were to be displayed. Books Again, the question remained a moving target, and many-faced persecution as the definition of acceptable religion continued to shift. As for the manner of their service in church and their prayers, except that they say them in the English tongue, one can still recognise a great part of the Mass, which they have limited only in what concerns individual communion. After Queen Mary I died in 1558, Elizabeth I became queen. After Henry's first wife, Catherine of Aragon, failed to give Henry an heir to his throne, Henry's eyes wandered! In 1539, Henry tried to walk back some of his more Lutheran-leaning reforms and make the Church of England more Catholic by reaffirming transubstantiation and celibacy for clerics. 'Bloody Mary's' brief reign was ended by cancer, and her half-sister Elizabeth took the throne in 1558 CE. The Elizabethan Settlement was an attempt to end this religious turmoil. The Elizabethan Settlement provided the foundation for the Church of England, much of which is still in place today. Rycote Chapel, OxfordshirePeter Reed (CC BY-NC) In 1581, a new law made it treason to be absolved from schism and reconciled with Rome and the fine for recusancy was increased to 20 per month (50 times an artisan's wage). She envisioned a church rooted in traditional religious practices but upheld essential Protestant elements such as clerical marriage, Bibles in the vernacular language, and offering both kinds of communion (bread and wine) to all. Was there a middle ground between Catholics and Protestants? This resulted in Elizabeth appointing 27 new bishops whose support she could not afford to lose given there was a shortage of qualified Protestant clergy in England. [108], During the reign of Charles I, the Arminians were ascendant and closely associated with William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury (16331645). 1559: Parliament passes the Act of Uniformity and the Act of Supremacy. How far do you agree? This illustrated guide gives an overview of the context, creation and significance of the Portrait, alongside evaluation of Elizabeths legacy A wondrous decorative ornament inspired by the armillary sphere astronomical instrument. The Elizabethan Settlement intended to provide a compromise between Catholics and Protestants by incorporating elements of each faith into the Church of England. Although it did not heal the divide brought on by the Reformation, it did stabilize the Church of England, and many of the religious decisions made during the Elizabethan Settlement period remain part of the Anglican church today. From there they wrote and published a large body of Catholic polemical work to counter Protestantism, particularly Thomas Harding, Richard Smyth, and William Allen. [83], The persecution of 15811592 changed the nature of Roman Catholicism in England. The eldest Aqa A-Level History: The Tudors: England 1485-1603. Anyone suspected of not recognising Elizabeth as head of the Church would now find themselves before a new court, the Court of High Commission. The Book of Common Prayer gave English-speaking people prayers in their language. Matters were to be debated in a respectful fashion. Sign up to highlight and take notes. [37] This combination could be interpreted as an affirmation of an objective real presence to those who believed in it, while others could interpret it to mean memorialism. [63], The Elizabethan settlement was further consolidated by the adoption of a moderately Protestant doctrinal statement called the Thirty-nine Articles of Religion. In 1568 a college was founded at Douai (Spanish Netherlands) which trained priests, whom would . The religious settlement began to be implemented in the summer of 1559. They tried to push more Protestant-leaning reforms in 1566 but failed. [90], In 1572, a bill was introduced in the Queen's 4th Parliament that would allow Protestants, with their bishop's permission, to omit ceremonies from the 1559 prayer book, and bishops would be further empowered to license clergymen to use the French and Dutch stranger church liturgies. Try and produce an argument for your decision by gathering evidence from the article! Episcopacy was replaced with a semi-presbyterian system. Most people in Elizabethan England were Catholic, but the majority of the government was Protestant. The north of England remained conservative in religious matters and England's three closest neighbours (Scotland, France, and Spain) were all Catholic states. Implemented between 1559 and 1563, the settlement is considered the end of the English Reformation, permanently shaping the theology and liturgy of the Church of England and laying the foundations of Anglicanism's unique identity. The Directory was not a liturgical book but only a set of directions and outlines for services. Instead of treating these objects as being transformed into the body and blood of Jesus Christ when blessed by a Catholic priest, the Protestant preacher merely encouraged the believer to take them as a reminder of Christ's sacrifice. Yes and no. How far could one's views about faith go before the established church could no longer accept them? For many Protestants, clerical vestments symbolised a continued belief in a priestly order separate from the congregation,[71] and could be interpreted by Catholics as affirmation of traditional doctrines. The 1662 prayer book mandated by the 1662 Act of Uniformity was a slightly revised version of the previous book. Puritan clergy in this movement organised local presbyteries or classes, from which the movement took its name. The symbol of Britannia was first used in 1572, and often thereafter, to mark the Elizabethan age as a renaissance that inspired national . Take a closer look with the unique Van de Velde drawings collection, How habitable are Jupiter's icy moons? Did the Elizabethan Settlement heal the divide between English Catholics and Protestants? There were 10,000 parishes in England at this time so this shows that the religious settlement was largely successful . They established the practice of faith and religious procedures in England. All members of the Church had to take the oath of supremacy under the Act of Supremacy if they were to keep their posts. [74] In 1568, the English College at Douai was founded to provide a Catholic education to young Englishmen and, eventually, to train a new leadership for a restored Catholic Church in England. [27], Another bill introduced to the same Parliament with the intent to return Protestant practices to legal dominance was the Uniformity bill, which sought to restore the 1552 prayer book as the official liturgy. It was given statutory force by the Subscription Act, which required all new ministers to affirm their agreement with this confessional statement. 'The Elizabethan Religious Settlement was successfully established in the years 1558-1603. . [56] Parish churches tended to have less music as Puritan influences argued against using of funds to pay for choristers. Like the Puritans, Andrewes engaged in his own brand of nonconformity. Please support World History Encyclopedia. The successful defence of the Kingdom against invasion on such an unprecedented scale boosted the prestige of England's Queen Elizabeth I and encouraged a sense of English pride and nationalism. StudySmarter is commited to creating, free, high quality explainations, opening education to all. In the end, Archbishop Parker issued a code of discipline for the clergy called the Advertisements, and the most popular and effective Protestant preachers were suspended for non-compliance. Hard-line Protestants and Catholics in England were both dissatisfied with Elizabeth's pragmatic stance as she went for a more middle-of-the-road approach which appealed to the largely indifferent majority of her subjects. Elizabeth's intention was that the Religious Settlement would prove a compromise acceptable to people of all religious standpoints. Edward VI's death is believed to be caused by a subsequent case of tuberculosis after he suffered from measles. The Council hoped that by separating them at least the Supremacy bill would pass. Many of these instructions concerned preachers who now had to have a license issued by a bishop and who were obliged to hold at least one service each month or lose that license. Also, like Elizabeth, Parker was a Nicodemitesomeone who stayed in England during Mary's reign and outwardly conformed to Catholicism. Calvinists were divided between conformists and Puritans, who wanted to abolish what they considered papist abuses and replace episcopacy with a presbyterian church government. Around 900 ministers refused to subscribe to the new prayer book and were removed from their positions, an event known as the Great Ejection. How did the Elizabethan settlement affect the reformation in England? The first act passed by the House of Commons in February 1559 joined together a bill of supremacy, establishing Queen Elizabeth I as head of the church, with one of uniformity, dealing with the type of faith and service. [103][104] James, however, did the opposite, forcing the Scottish Church to accept bishops and the Five Articles of Perth, all attempts to make it as similar as possible to the English Church. Was the Elizabethan settlement successful? The Elizabethan Settlement established a unified Church of England that included Protestant beliefs and the Catholic hierarchical structure.
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